Moreover down-regulation of miR-1 induced by hypertrophic stimuli results in increased Twf1 expression; likewise Twf1 over-expression is sufficient to induce cardiac hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, suggesting the therapeutic relevance of modulation of Twf1 expression in attenuating cardiac hypertrophy [129]. Here, TWF1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.