HMGB1 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Recently, it is reported that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, contributes to chemotherapy resistance though the upregulation of autophagy in leukemia.51, 52 Autophagy inhibitor HCQ is also shown to decrease cell viability of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) in a dose- and time-dependent manner.53 The resistance to Akt/mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus (RAD001) is a significant clinical problem in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients.