TFAP2A and neoplasm: According to the encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) annotation [36], the region of the ADCY3 promoter analyzed in our study harbors binding sites for critical transcription factors, including early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), E2F, and activating protein 2 (AP-2), which are known to promote the development of an environment conducive for tumor formation [37,38].