As both NF-κB and AP-1 are induced by Theileria infection (Palmer et al., 1997; Botteron and Dobbeldeare, 1998; Chaussepied et al., 1998), it is likely that these two transcription factors participate in the rapid induction of hif-1α transcription post sporozoite invasion. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and theileriasis.