Similar to OA, increased levels of RAGE ligands including AGEs (pentosidine and N-carboxymethyllysine), S100 calgranulins (S100A4, S100A8, and S100A9), and HMGB-1 have been reported in RA patients [108, 111, 112, 120, 121]. The gene discussed is S100A4; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.