TNF and malaria: This study consists of 939 subjects genotyped at 166 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes involved in known malaria resistance (e.g. HBB, G6PD), cytokine production (e.g. TNF, LTA, IL1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 13), innate immunity (e.g. TLR 4,9) and the 5q31-33 region (117 SNPs).