FMR1 and fragile X syndrome: FXS is caused by the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and in neurons results in dendritic spine dysmorphogenesis possibly due to a dysregulated mRNA metabolism affecting cytoskeleton remodelling, synapses connections and shaping (Bagni et al, 2012; Bhakar et al, 2012; Gross et al, 2012).