GLS and HIV-1 infection: Furthermore, total STAT1 is upregulated with longer treatment of IFN-α (data not shown) or HIV-1 infection [14] and there was more precipitated promoter sequence using STAT1 antibody compared with IgG control, indicating un-phosphorylated STAT1 may bind with human GLS1 promoter in both sites 2/3 and 5/6 (Figure 3C and D).