TNF and HIV infectious disease: In our study, a bias towards the classical monocyte (Mono1) phenotype in persons with well-controlled HIV infection and CVD risk was further associated with much higher levels of polyfunctional inflammatory responses, with a median 20% of all monocytes simultaneously expressing up to all 4 studied cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF) in HIV-infected adults compared to well below 5% in controls.