As shown, patients with GDM had significantly higher fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, A1C, TG and HOMA-IR whereas HOMA-S%, the HDL-C and LDL-C levels were lower than in the control group (GDM vs NGT; P < 0.001, P = 0.008, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.024, P = 0.002, P = 0.008, P = 0.005 and P = 0.017, respectively). Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.