Diseases such as hypertension, pressure overload and vascular stenosis can lead to structural changes in the heart such as hypertrophy which are exemplified by increases in ROS, potent vasoconstrictor molecules like endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (AngII), and activation of signaling pathways activated via MAP38 kinases and NFκB [22]. Here, EDN1 is linked to stricture.