MAPK3 and hydrops fetalis: As seen in Figure 7, p38 protein expression remained unchanged in response to HF serum, but JNK total protein expression (adjusted band densities: human control, 1.65 (1.49-1.69) vs. HF, 5.80 (4.75-6.01), p = 0.02) and phosphorylated JNK (human control, 1.81 (1.25-2.47) vs. HF, 7.01 (3.26-7.68), p = 0.03) were significantly elevated, while the phosphorylated-to-total ratio of ERK1/2 was reduced (human control, 0.6 (0.46-0.69) vs. HF, 0.36 (0.29-0.39), p < 0.05).