SHBG and breast carcinoma: Data from epidemiological studies demonstrate that the postmenopausal risk of breast cancer increases in women with heightened levels of circulating sex steroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEAS), Δ4-androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and total estradiol, and low levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).