CD4 and systemic lupus erythematosus: As several studies suggested that an increase of circulating TFH cells was associated with autoimmunity, we first analyzed the frequency of CXCR5 + CD4+ T cells and of memory (CD45RA-) CXCR5 + CD4+ T cells among total CD4+ T cells in 23 consecutive SLE patients (17 with a SLEDAI<5 and 6 with a SLEDAI>8) compared to 23 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (Table 1).