Concerning TFH1 cell frequency, patients with a high SLEDAI score displayed 12.1±2.1% of TFH1 cells, while TFH1 cells in healthy individuals or SLE patients with an inactive disease represented 33.2±1.7% (p<0.0001) and 27.8±3.2% (p<0.01) of CXCR5 + CD45RA-CD4+ T cells respectively (Figure S2). Here, CD4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.