A recent study of AMD that used the conditional RPE knockout of Xbp1 in the mouse retina demonstrated the importance of the XBP1 gene in regulating antioxidant defense in the RPE, and showed that impaired activation of XBP1 may contribute to RPE dysfunction and cell death during retinal degeneration and AMD [61]. This evidence concerns the gene XBP1 and age-related macular degeneration.