CXCL8 and Fever: This finding supports the hypothesis that the release of IL-6 and of CXCL8/IL-8 from the urinary tract leads to systemic host responses [39], since IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine responsible for pyrexia and production of acute phase proteins [33], whereas CXCL8/IL-8 is a chemokine responsible for neutrophil infiltration into the urinary tract with an important role in acute inflammation [39].