The chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 and the cytokine TGF-β have been frequently associated with urinary tract obstruction in patients with UPJO, whereas high urinary levels of IL-6 and of CXCL8/IL-8 were found in many patients with VUR and correlated to renal scarring and to renal function deterioration. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and urinary tract obstruction.