Studies addressing lung cells and MonoMac6 cells exposed to cigarette smoke (a cancer inducer) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, typically an inflammation inducer) showed that the levels of phosphorylated and total PKCζ increased in the nucleus, where phosphorylated PKCζ formed a complex with the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB (48). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is cancer.