CASP3 and prostate cancer: Collectively, the findings in the present study suggest that caspase-3 induction, downregulation of phosphorylated AKT, inhibition of NF-kB, and reduction of androgen receptor expression may represent the molecular mechanisms by which VK2 reduces cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and reduces the angiogenic potential of prostate cancer cells as outlined in Figure 11.