Mice expressing a monoclonal GAD65-specific CD4+ T cell population developed a lethal encephalomyelitis-like disease in the absence of any other T cells or B cells, although they did not exhibit an SPS phenotype [29], and recently T cell infiltrates have been identified in the temporal lobes of three GAD-antibody positive patients with limbic encephalitis [30], but these observations do not exclude a role for autoantibodies to the neuronal surface as demonstrated here. The gene discussed is GAD1; the disease is encephalomyelitis.