It remains to be determined how HA acts to enable TRAF1 to inhibit TLR3, however other examples of induction of TRAF1 have been described including IL-1, TNFα, CD40 ligand and EBV infection [26], and microbial activation through Lipotechoic acid and TLR2 [3]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Epstein-Barr virus infection.