However, it has been previously shown that leptin signalling in wound-resident cells has no effect on inflammatory cell recruitment and/or retention dynamics, because topical administration of leptin in the leptin-deficient mouse model of diabetes did not rescue the aberrant inflammatory response, whereas systemic administration did reduce neutrophil, but not macrophage, recruitment and/or retention (Goren et al., 2003). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and diabetes mellitus.