MAPK3 and melanoma: In MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells, TGF-β-induced upregulation of MMP14 has been shown to be dependent on the ERK1/2, PI3K, and JNK pathways[61] and in MDA-MB-231 cells TGF-β induced the expression of many MMPs, including MMP14, through the p38 MAP kinase[62].