TNF and Huntington disease: Elevated TNF is seen in the Drosophila model as one read-out of innate immune activation (Samaraweera et al., 2013) and both TNF and various interleukins (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) have been found to be elevated in people affected with the repeat expansion responsible for HD even before clinical manifestation of the disease (Björkqvist et al., 2008).