The induction of mesothelin-specific CD8+ CTL by anti-TIM-3/CD137 mAb in the mesothelin-expressing ID8 model indicates that endogenous tolerance to mesothelin was overcome, which is consistent with previous studies showing the presence of mesothelin-specific humoral or cellular immune response in patients with cancer expressing high level of mesothelin, such as pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer or mesothelioma [31,32]. Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to ovarian carcinoma.