TIMP1 and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: In addition, a number of genes associated with ECM remodeling and fibrosis, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), collagen 1α, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), were greatly dysregulated with the development of BPD [8], and these observations were consistent with other reports [3].