Regarding the retina, α-enolase is found underexpressed at the onset of human AMD [61], and in aged rats this enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by the covalent addition of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) [73], a reactive aldehyde derived from polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation that also accumulates in the brain of Park2 KO mice [14]. Here, PRKN is linked to age-related macular degeneration.