CREB1 and depressive symptom measurement: The hypothesis that low CREB activity is the underlying mechanism of the EC phenotype has ample support by the fact that blocking CREB activity in the NAcc produces an EC-like phenotype in 14 different behavioral paradigms, including increased stimulant sensitivity, decreased stimulant self-administration, increased anxiety-like behavior and, of importance to this paper, decreased depression-like behavior [11],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18].