MAPK3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Upregulation of hsa-miR-21 promotes the proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis of ESCC cells through activating the ERK1/2/MAPK pathway, while its knockdown suppresses cell growth, invasion and induced apoptosis by targeting FASL, TIMP3 and RECK genes [45], [46].