TNF and endometriosis: NF-κB-activated macrophages express proinflammatory, growth, and angiogenic factors, such as inducible Nitric Oxide (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which contribute to endometriosis pathogenesis and possible carcinogenesis [19].