NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: In addition, left ventricular gene expression associated with hypertrophy was increased: 2.0-fold and 7.1-fold increase in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (Figure 1c), 2.0-fold and 3.5-fold increase in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (Table 2), 1.6-fold and 9.4-fold increase in GDF15 (Table 2), 6.1-fold and 14.6-fold increase in skeletal α-actin (Figure 1d) and 1.9-fold and 6.4-fold increase in β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) (Table 2), after four and eight weeks of TAC, respectively.