Furthermore, in vitro stimulation of human respiratory bronchial epithelial cells with GNR (gold nano rods) complexed 5′ppp-ssRNA activates RIG-I and MDA5 mediated antiviral immune memory in these cells, which further protects from infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 and common influenza A/Solomon Island/03/06 (182), suggesting the potential application of viral 5′ppp-ssRNA and WIV as vaccine candidates for protection from influenza pandemics. Here, RIGI is linked to influenza.