In many countries, this is available to patients with a high (over 30%) lifetime risk such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, whereas a more restrained position is taken for patients with intermediate-penetrance mutations conferring an about 3-fold increase in breast cancer risk such as ATM or CHEK2. Although the female carriers for those mutations could also benefit from increased surveillance, large studies on the efficacy of such measures are lacking. This evidence concerns the gene BRCA1 and breast cancer.