PMEPA1 and hypospadias: These genes include (I) genes linked to spermatogenesis with e.g. CAMK4 encoding calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV [50] or CA2 encoding carbonic anhydrase II [51] (II) genes associated with hypospadias like IRF6 encoding interferon regulatory factor 6 [52] or (III) genes involved in prostate biology like MGMT encoding O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase [53] or TMEPAI encoding transmembrane prostate androgen-induced RNA [54].