In activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, CARD11-dependent chronic B-cell receptor signalling is the mechanism by which NF-κB is constitutively activated, thus preventing apoptosis [39] Finally, up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (e.g. through activation of the NF-κB pathway) has been shown to be a cause of chemotherapy resistance [40]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.