Since insulin has been shown to function both in the central and peripheral nervous systems [33], [34] and to improve peripheral nerve function in non-diabetic [35] and diabetic subjects [36], [37], independent of glycemic levels, insulin receptor signaling in peripheral nerves may deserve much greater attention when considering the unmet need to better understand and establish more effective therapeutic strategies for human diabetic neuropathy. Here, INS is linked to diabetic neuropathy.