VCAM1 and preeclampsia: For instance, PM2.5 exposure has been associated with elevated blood levels of two markers of endothelial dysfunction—intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (Bind et al. 2012)—which are also shown to increase in preeclampsia (Austgulen et al. 1997).