TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Similarly, elevated salivary IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in CD patients and an elevated IL-8 level in the saliva of patients with bowel disease were also reported.58,59 Unexpectedly, the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers in UC patients was similar to or slightly higher than that observed in CD patients, regardless of differences in disease states between IBD patients (Supplementary Fig. S4 and Table S5).