CXCR4 and systemic sclerosis: Our observations can be summarized as: 1) The enhanced migration of TGFβ-treated normal monocytes is correlated primarily with increased CXCR4 expression while the enhanced migration of SSc monocytes is correlated both with enhanced CXCR4 and F-actin expression; 2) For each type of monocyte (Normal, Normal + TGFβ, SSc), CSD and it subdomains had essentially parallel effects on migration and CXCR4 expression; 3) In cells that migrate well (Normal + TGFβ and SSc monocytes), Cav-BC and CSD are the most effective inhibitors of migration due to their inhibition of CXCR4 expression.