In parallel with these biomarker trials, the utility of EV isolates for vaccination against cancer includes vaccination trials for melanoma (77) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (78) using EV from patients’ dendritic cells loaded with tumour antigen-derived peptides, and colorectal cancer with EV from colon cancer patients’ ascites combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF (38)]. Here, CSF2 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.