CNP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Adipose tissue releases a variety of factors, including cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokines [29], [30] able to regulate CNP transcription and stimulate the release of this peptide, suggesting either a possible interplay between macrophage cytokine production and vascular tissue or a pivotal role of CNP in obesity and related pathologies.