TLR4 and prostate carcinoma: In addition, in prostate cancer, Prdx1 was found to be secreted into the extracellular location and to interact with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), subsequently promoting angiogenesis and VEGF production, which eventually stimulated TLR4 and VEGF-dependent endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation (15).