Primary epithelial tumors can give rise to dissemination of single carcinoma cells by undergoing EMT, and thus, lead to tumor migration and metastasis.90 Pertinent to this, it was previously demonstrated that coordinated activation of Rac1 and the RAF/MAPK pathway is required for cell scattering and migration, key components of EMT upon activation of Ras in NBT II rat bladder carcinoma cell line.91 This is in line with our observations that coordinated activation of both C-RAF and Rac1 pathways leads to cell migration upon IAP depletion. Here, RAF1 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.