Apart from C-RAF, Rac1 and RhoA, IAPs can also mediate both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways by ubiquitinating RIP and NIK kinases, respectively, at the interface of cell death/survival, inflammation and innate immune response as recently reviewed.23, 24 NF-κB pathway can be activated due to TNFα secreted by activated macrophages, fibroblasts, Kupffer cells and a variety of tumor cells including breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma. Here, NFKB1 is linked to breast carcinoma.