VEGFA and neoplasm: VEGF overexpression is frequently found in a wide range of human tumors (5–8) and can be induced by the loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (9), the activation of oncogenes (10), external stimuli such as hypoxia and cytokines (11,12) and transcriptional upregulation, which is controlled by the cis-acting elements and transcription factors (5–9,13).