While T2DM patients receiving S+M (31.50±3.58 ng/ml) had significantly higher baseline (fasting) active TGF-β serum levels, T2DM patients treated with D+M exhibited significantly lower fasting active TGF-β serum levels (12.28±0.84 ng/ml) (Figure 2a). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.