Other genes that form the basis of the heredity of PD are the mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, PINK1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Parkin, the redox-regulated chaperone, DJ-1, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, (LRRK2) and the presynaptic protein, α-synuclein. Here, PINK1 is linked to Parkinson disease.