INS and Insulin resistance: To determine whether fasting results in insulin resistance or in pancreatic dysfunction, we infused early- and late-fasted seals (naturally adapted to prolonged fasting) with insulin (0.065 U/kg), and a separate group of late-fasted seals with low (10 pmol/L per kg) or high (100 pmol/L per kg) dosages of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) immediately following a glucose bolus (0.5 g/kg), and measured the systemic and cellular responses.