Compared with normothermic controls, rodents with heatstroke havehigher hypothalamic values of cellular ischemia (e.g., glutamate and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio) and damage (e.g., glycerol)markers, pro-oxidant enzymes (e.g., lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation), proinflammatory cytokines (e.g.,interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide, and an indicator forthe accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (e.g., myeloperoxidase activity), as well as neuronal damage (e.g.,apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy) after heatstroke. Here, TNF is linked to ischemia.