Compared with normothermic controls, rodents with heatstroke have more hypothalamic markers of cellular ischemia (e.g., glutamate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio) and damage (e.g., glycerol, LDH), and higher hypothalamic values of pro-oxidant enzymes (e.g., lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation), proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α), iNOS-dependent NO, and myeloperoxidase activity, as well as more neuronal damage (apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy) after heatstroke. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is ischemia.