CCL4 and pneumococcal meningitis: Multiple chemokines have been reported to be upregulated in the CSF of patients with pneumococcal meningitis including CCL15, CXCL7, MIF, CCL8, CCL18, CCL20, CXCL5, CXCL-1, CXCL-8, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 [78–81].