Thus, these observations and our results suggested that progression of PC to hormone-refractory phenotype may in part be due to the loss of RKIP leading to upregulation of Raf-1/ERK and NF-κB pathways which subsequently stimulate PSA and PSMA expression, whereas Akt is activated independently to RKIP (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene PEBP1 and pachyonychia congenita.