TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Indeed, we found in longer term patients with type 1 diabetes a positive association of residual beta cell function with pro-inflammatory immune mediators IL-6 and TNFα, whereas increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory/regulatory immune mediators (Il-1RA, IL-10, transforming growth factor-ß1 and -ß2) were seen in patients with low serum C-peptide concentrations and assumed little residual beta cell mass [40].